The aim of which tasks are to learn the result off reproduce and many years towards the egg design additionally the egg additional and you will interior quality inside four Italian dual-objective breeds , in the beginning and lots of days after than just basic weeks installing passion one to occurred, respectively, after summer/start of trip plus winter months, less than varying environment criteria.

dos.1. Pet and you can Rearing Criteria

Five Italian poultry breeds, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you may Robusta Lionata (RL), were felt towards research. Your body weight off mature women is actually step one.twenty five kg inside the PP, dos.30 kg in Er and step three.05 kg from inside the RM and you may RL. Its supply is the Veneto area (Italy): PP is actually a vintage local reproduce; their provider is actually dated back again to the fresh XIX century, but no right research for the its genetic provider occur. One other types were created within the Veneto in 1950s: brand new Emergency room breed originates from Sussex (tinted eggshell reproduce) and you can Rhode Island (brown eggshell reproduce) breeds, whereas into RM and you may RL breeds, Brown Orpington and White The united states, a couple of brown eggshell breeds were utilized . And the adult pounds, these breeds differ inside their plumage the colour: it is fantastic when you look at the PP, Er shows erminate plumage, RM plumage are mostly white having black extremities in a lot of regions of your body, black colored feathers of primaries and you may end and RL shows an excellent tawny plumage which have black colored feathers out-of primaries and you may tail. Every types (Figure S1) inform you solitary brush and you can lay tinted eggshell egg (Figure S2).

2. Content and techniques

Birds out of for each and every breed hatched at the same time (second half regarding e farm of your Hub to own Poultry Biodiversity Maintenance on the Veneto region (they routinely provides for the newest rearing ones breeds also when it comes to eggs design to own incubation and brooding), in Northern Italy (45°02?53? N), regarding hatching to the pubertal decades and you may regarding the installing period, which been from the end off summer towards beginning of autumn (Contour step one), depending on the breed. Serving, rearing standards (photoperiod, temperature) and you will prophylaxis methods have been an equivalent towards four types, from the time out-of hatching on avoid of your own read period, which was when you look at the , from the 53 months of age. The latest freshly hatched chicks was indeed kept indoors within the first 4 weeks away from life, within an ecological temperature coming down off thirty-two to 24 °C, below infra-yellow radiation lights, to your litter. From the step one.5 weeks of age, the brand new wild birds were given 100 % free access to outside spaces, away from spring season to help you trip and you will cold weather. For each and every breed (sixty hens) had 100 % free access to outdoor (5 m dos /bird) room (armed with linear drinkers), where in actuality the hens stayed for hours, also to indoor (4 hens/m dos ) place (wood shavings and straw litter, having perches and circular feeders), used mainly for putting egg (cumulative nests) and at nights; the bedroom (interior and you may backyard) accessible to each breed try separated by netting.

At the beginning of putting (around twenty two months old on the breed that have prior to onset of installing), from inside the September–October, depending on the breed, brand new photoperiod was natural and you may decreasing, according to 12 months in addition to geographical status of demo station within the North Italy (an average of, 12L:12D), and for the next months (regarding 38 weeks old, from December to help you 53 months of age), phony white is actually gradually improved (during the interior place, filament-based light bulb, throughout the 60 lux) to get a beneficial photoperiod off 14L:10D. The fresh new photoperiod is actually managed from the a timer, also it are achieved by switching on this new light an hour before sunrise and you will shutting off they one hour once sunset. Brand new outside environmental heat is actually ten ± 3.4 °C and you will 11 ± step 3.0 °C, correspondingly, to your first (right from the start out of October to the avoid regarding November) therefore the next (right from the start away from January with the end of March) laying periods, in the event that investigation into give abilities and you can eggs top quality had been compiled. The latest pets were given offer libitum industrial nourishes predicated on trГ¤ffa Schweiziska kvinnor its emotional phase (about three varied commercial nourishes from inside the broadening period). Into very first laying stage (26–33 weeks of age, below coming down absolute photoperiod), in the event that types already been installing, new wild birds were given a professional pelleted supply (PG = 16%, Me personally = 11.8 MJ/kg, Ca = step one.1%, P = 0.6%) and you may maize (PG = 9.1%, Me = thirteen.eight MJ/kg), in the a proportion of just one:step one. It is worth recalling you to definitely, at this ages, just the dual-goal and shaded eggshell types showed a varying onset of installing and you will egg design price, whereas the brand new hens belonging to the almost every other varieties of the latest Conservation Hub having Biodiversity and hatched at the same time of your own studied breeds, including the white eggshell breeds, did not initiate laying (Padovana reproduce) otherwise it showed an incredibly light installing passion (Polverara breed), never reaching the endurance off ten% hen–day egg manufacturing. The reason behind the option of the fresh new Preservation Middle, not to explore a rss feed for putting hens while in the this period, try due to not pressuring the new pullets in order to egg manufacturing throughout the a season that have decreasing heat and you may photoperiod. The fresh new wild birds increased outside, around favourable criteria to own skeletal health, walking on soil and lower than solar power light. About back yard each breed, the clear presence of turf offered to the new wild birds try large throughout this new growing period than simply at start of putting, and this happened pursuing the summer time, if the rain was scarce and did not allow for a great grass regrowth. Of 38 in order to 53 months of age, and you will lower than broadening photoperiod, brand new hens had been provided a professional pelleted offer to possess laying (PG = 16%, Me = 11.5 MJ/kilogram, California = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every feeds consisted primarily away from maize and you can soybean.